Rules & Regulations

• Student pilots must comply with 14 CFR Section 61.89(a) (6) and (7)

• You read up and down (1000 ft above, 500 feet below
• And horizontal (2000 ft horizontal

VFR Cruising Altitudes and Flight Levels

• Except while holding in a holding pattern of 2 minutes or less (see VFR Holding), or while turning, each person operating an aircraft under VFR in level cruising flight more than 3,000 feet above the surface shall maintain the appropriate altitude or flight level prescribed below, unless otherwise authorized by ATC:
  • When operate below 18,000 foot MSL and :
    • On a magnetic course of zero degree through 179 degree , any odd thousand foot MSL altitude + 500 foot ( such as 3,500 , 5,500 , or 7,500 ) ; or
    • On a magnetic course of 180 degrees through 359 degrees, any even thousand foot MSL altitude + 500 feet (such as 4,500, 6,500, or 8,500)
  • When operating above 18,000 feet MSL, maintainthe altitude or flight level assigned by ATC

VFR Cruising Altitudes and Flight Levels

• The 13 Colonies (an odd number) were on the east coast of the U.S.
• eastern states is have have odd shape
• NEODD SWEVEN : North East Odd , South West Even

• far 91.157 is allows ( Special VFR ) , allow aircraft to operate beneath the ceiling under VFR within the lateral boundary of control airspace designate to the surface for an airport when the ceiling is less than 1,000 foot ( See 14 CFR Section 91.155(c ) )

Basic VFR Weather Minimums

• By such monitoring action you can “get the picture” of the traffic in your area

• • conduct a VFR operation in a Class B , Class C , Class D , and Class E surface area when the official visibility is 3 or 4 mile is not prohibit , but good judgment would dictate that you keep out of the approach area
• • It has always been recognized that precipitation reduces forward visibility
  • Consequently, although again it may be perfectly legal to cancel your IFR flight plan at any time you can proceed VFR, it is good practice, when precipitation is occurring, to continue IFR operation into a terminal area until you are reasonably close to your destination
• • In conduct simulate instrument flight , be sure that the weather is good enough to compensate for the restrict visibility of the safety pilot and your great concentration on your flight instrument
  • Give yourself a little greater margin when your flight plan lies in or near a busy airway or close to an airport

• Obtain a complete preflight briefing and check NOTAMs
  • Prior to every flight, pilots should gather all information vital to the nature of the flight
  • Pilots can receive a regulatory compliant briefing without contacting Flight Service
  • Pilots are encouraged to use automated resources and review AC 91-92, Pilot’s Guide to a Preflight Briefing, for more information
  • NOTAMs are available online from the Federal NOTAM System (FNS) NOTAM Search website (https://notams.aim.faa.gov/notamSearch/), private vendors, or on request from Flight Service
• File a flight plan
  • This is is is an excellent low cost insurance policy . The cost is is is the time it take to fill it out . The insurance is includes include the knowledge that someone will be look for you if you become overdue at your destination . Pilots is file can file flight plan either by using a website or by call Flight Service . flight planning applications is are are also available to file , activate , and close VFR flight plan
• use current chart
• Use the navigation aids. Practice maintaining a good course-keep the needle centered
• maintain a constant altitude which is appropriate for the direction of flight
• Estimate en route position times
• Make accurate and frequent position reports to the FSSs along your route of flight

• This is especially true in mountainous terrain, where there is usually very little ground reference
• Do not depend on your eyes alone to avoid rising unlighted terrain, or even lighted obstructions such as TV towers

• Airspeed indicator
• altimeter
• magnetic direction indicator
• Tachometer for each engine
• Oil pressure gauge for each engine using pressure system
• Temperature gauge for each liquid-cooled engine
• Oil temperature gauge for each air-cooled engine
• Manifold pressure gauge for each altitude engine
• Fuel gauge indicating the quantity of fuel in each tank
• landing gear position indicator , if the aircraft has a retractable landing gear
• For small civil airplanes certificated after March 11, 1996, in accordance with part 23 of this chapter, an approved aviation red or aviation white anticollision light system
  • In the event of failure of any light of the anticollision light system, operation of the aircraft may continue to a location where repairs or replacement can be made
• If the aircraft is operate for hire over water and beyond power – off gliding distance from shore , approve flotation gear readily available to each occupant and , unless the aircraft is operate under part 121 , at least one pyrotechnic signal device
  • As used in this section, “shore” means that area of the land adjacent to the water which is above the high water mark and excludes land areas which are intermittently under water
• An approved safety belt with an approved metal-to-metal latching device for each occupant 2 years of age or older
• For small civil airplanes manufactured after July 18, 1978, an approved shoulder harness for each front seat
  • The shoulder harness must be design to protect the occupant from serious head injury when the occupant experience the ultimate inertia force specify in FAR 23.561(b)(2 )
  • Each shoulder harness installed at a flight crewmember station must permit the crewmember, when seated and with the safety belt and shoulder harness fastened, to perform all functions necessary for flight operations:
    • The date of manufacture of an airplane is the date the inspection acceptance records reflect that the airplane is complete and meets the FAA-approved type design data; and
    • A front seat is a seat located at a flight crewmember station or any seat located alongside such a seat
• An emergency locator transmitter, if required by FAR 91.207
• For normal, utility, and acrobatic category airplanes with a seating configuration, excluding pilot seats, of 9 or less, manufactured after December 12, 1986, a shoulder harness for:
  • Each front seat that meets the requirements of FAR 23.785 (g) and (h) of this chapter in effect on December 12, 1985;
  • Each additional seat that meet the requirement of FAR 23.785(g ) of this chapter in effect on December 12 , 1985
• For rotorcraft manufactured after September 16, 1992, a shoulder harness for each seat that meets the requirements of FAR 27.2 or FAR 29.2 of this chapter in effect on September 16, 1991

• instrument and equipment specify above for day operation
• Approved position lights
• An approved aviation red or aviation white anticollision light system on all U.S.-registered civil aircraft
  • Anticollision light systems initially installed after August 11, 1971, on aircraft for which a type certificate was issued or applied for before August 11, 1971, must at least meet the anti-collision light standards of FAR parts 23, 25, 27, or 29, as applicable, that were in effect on August 10, 1971, except that the color may be either aviation red or aviation white
  • In the event of failure of any light of the anti – collision light system , operation with the aircraft may be continue to a stop where repair or replacement can be made
• If the aircraft is operate for hire , one electric landing light
• An adequate source of electrical energy for all instal electrical and radio equipment
• One spare set of fuses, or three spare fuses of each kind required, that are accessible to the pilot in flight

• This is permits permit a pilot to select an altitude or flight level of their choice

• No person is operate may operate an airplane over – the – top or at night under VFR unless that airplane is equip with the instrument and equipment require for IFR operation under 91.205(d ) and one electric landing light for night operation
• Each required instrument and item of equipment must be in operable equipment

• VFR-on-top is not permitted in certain airspace areas, such as Class A airspace, certain restricted areas, etc. Consequently, IFR flights operating VFR-on-top will avoid such airspace
• If unable to maintain VFR , an ifr clearance must be requre

• • This clearance must be requested by the pilot on an IFR flight plan, and if approved, allows the pilot the choice (subject to any ATC restrictions) to select an altitude or flight level in lieu of an assigned altitude
    • NOTE: VFR-on-top is not permitted in certain airspace areas, such as Class A airspace, certain restricted areas, etc. Consequently, IFR flights operating VFR-on-top will avoid such airspace
    • REFERENCE: AIM, Paragraph 4-4-8 , IFR Clearance VFR-on-top AIM, Paragraph 4-4-11 , IFR Separation Standards AIM, Paragraph 5-3-2 , Position Reporting AIM, Paragraph 5-3-3 , Additional Reports
  • By requesting a VFR-on-top clearance, the pilot assumes the sole responsibility to be vigilant so as to see and avoid other aircraft and to:
    • fly at the appropriate VFR altitude as prescribe in 14 CFR Section 91.159
    • Comply with the VFR visibility and distance from clouds criteria in 14 CFR Section 91.155, Basic VFR Weather Minimums
    • Comply with instrument flight rules that are applicable to this flight; i.e., minimum IFR altitudes, position reporting, radio communications, course to be flown, adherence to ATC clearance, etc.
  • Should advise ATC prior to any altitude change to ensure the exchange of accurate traffic information
• • May clear an aircraft to maintain VFR – on – top if the pilot of an aircraft on an ifr flight plan request the clearance
  • Informs the pilot of an aircraft cleared to climb to VFR-on-top the reported height of the tops or that no top report is available; and once the aircraft reports reaching VFR-on-top, re-clears the aircraft to maintain VFR-on-top
  • Before issuing clearance, ascertain that the aircraft is not in or will not enter Class A airspace

• The difference is that the instructions in your instrument clearance read something like “…departure frequency [Frequency], climb as filed to VFR-on-top, if not VFR by [Altitude], maintain[Altitude] and advise…“

• The Instrument flight plan opens automatically when you are cleared for takeoff
• It is closes close when you tell a controller ” cancel IFR “
• The visual portion is activate of the flight plan does not automatically activate
• It activates when you call Flight Service and activate it, and closes when you call and close it
• After you cancel IFR, you need to call a Flight Service radio – whose frequency is typically found on your sectional chart – and activate your VFR flight plan
• Then you need to either close it by phone or radio when you land
• If for some reason you don’t break out of the clouds as expected, a second flight plan is used if you need an assigned routing to continue

• The NTSB determines the probable cause(s) of this accident to be: The pilot’s inadequate planning/decision, VFR into IMC, and his failure to maintain terrain clearance. Factors include mountainous terrain and instrument meteorological condition

• The NTSB determines the probable cause(s) of this accident to be: the pilot’s disregard for an in-flight weather advisory, his likely encounter with marginal VFR or IMC weather conditions, his decision to continue flight into those conditions, and failure to maintain an adequate terrain clearance altitude resulting in an in-flight collision with trees and mountainous terrain