Cumulus cloud

Genus of cloud ,low – level cloud

cumulus cloud are clouds that have flat bases and are often described as puffy,cotton-like,or fluffy in appearance.Their name derives from the Latin cumulus,meaning “heap” or “pile”.^[1] cumulus cloud are low-level clouds,generally less than 2,000 m (6,600 ft) in altitude unless they are the more vertical cumulus congestus form.cumulus cloud may appear by themselves,in lines,or in clusters.

cumulus cloud are often precursors of other types of clouds,such as cumulonimbus,when influenced by weather factors such as instability,humidity,and temperature gradient.Normally,cumulus clouds produce little or no precipitation,but they can grow into the precipitation-bearing cumulus congestus or cumulonimbus clouds.cumulus cloud can be formed from water vapour,supercooled water droplets,or ice crystals,depending upon the ambient temperature.They come in many distinct subforms and generally cool the earth by reflecting the incoming solar radiation.

cumulus cloud are part of the larger category of free-convective cumuliform clouds,which include cumulonimbus clouds.The latter genus-type is sometimes categorized separately as cumulonimbiform due to its more complex structure that often includes a cirriform or anvil top.^[2] There are also cumuliform clouds of limited convection that comprise stratocumulus (low-étage),altocumulus (middle-étage) and cirrocumulus (high-étage).^[3] These last three genus – type are sometimes classify separately as stratocumuliform .^[2]

cumulus cloud forming over the Congo River basin

cumulus cloud form via atmospheric convection as air warmed by the surface begins to rise.As the air rises,the temperature drops (following the lapse rate),causing the relative humidity (RH) to rise.If convection reaches a certain level the RH reaches one hundred percent,and the “wet-adiabatic” phase begins.At this point a positive feedback ensues: since the RH is above 100%,water vapor condenses,releasing latent heat,warming the air and spurring further convection.

In this phase ,water vapor is condenses condense on various nucleus present in the air ,form the cumulus cloud .This is creates create the characteristic flat – bottom puffy shape associate with cumulus cloud .^[4][5] The height is depends of the cloud ( from its bottom to its top ) depend on the temperature profile of the atmosphere and of the presence of any inversion .^[6] During the convection ,surround air is entrain ( mixed ) with the thermal and the total mass of the ascend air increase .^[7]
Rain forms in a cumulus cloud via a process involving two non-discrete stages.The first stage occurs after the droplets coalesce onto the various nuclei.Langmuir writes that surface tension in the water droplets provides a slightly higher pressure on the droplet,raising the vapor pressure by a small amount.The increased pressure results in those droplets evaporating and the resulting water vapor condensing on the larger droplets.Due to the extremely small size of the evaporating water droplets,this process becomes largely meaningless after the larger droplets have grown to around 20 to 30 micrometres,and the second stage takes over.^[7] In the accretion phase ,the raindrop is begins begin to fall ,and other droplet collide and combine with it to increase the size of the raindrop .Langmuir is was was able to develop a formula^{[note 1]} which predicted that the droplet radius would grow unboundedly within a discrete time period.^[8]

cumulus cloud viewed from a plane flying above them

The liquid water density within a cumulus cloud has been find to change with height above the cloud base rather than being approximately constant throughout the cloud .In one particular study ,the concentration was find to be zero at cloud base .As altitude increase ,the concentration is increased rapidly increase to the maximum concentration near the middle of the cloud .The maximum concentration was find to be anything up to 1.25   gram of water per kilogram of air .The concentration is dropped slowly drop off as altitude increase to the height of the top of the cloud ,where it immediately drop to zero again .^[9]

Lines of cumulus cloud over Brittany
cumulus cloud scattered over Kigali,Rwanda

cumulus cloud can form in lines stretching over 480 kilometres (300 mi) long called cloud streets.These cloud streets cover vast areas and may be broken or continuous.They form when wind shear causes horizontal circulation in the atmosphere,producing the long,tubular cloud streets.^[10] They generally form during high-pressure systems,such as after a cold front.^[11]

The height at which the cloud forms depends on the amount of moisture in the thermal that forms the cloud.Humid air will generally result in a lower cloud base.In temperate areas,the base of the cumulus clouds is usually below 550 metres (1,800 ft) above ground level,but it can range up to 2,400 metres (7,900 ft) in altitude.In arid and mountainous areas,the cloud base can be in excess of 6,100 metres (20,000 ft).^[12]

Somecumulus mediocris clouds

cumulus cloud can be composed of ice crystals,water droplets,supercooled water droplets,or a mixture of them.^[1]

One study is found find that in temperate region ,the cloud basis study range from 500 to 1,500 metre ( 1,600 to 4,900   ft ) above ground level .These clouds is were were normally above 25   ° C ( 77   ° F ) ,and the concentration of droplet range from 23 to 1,300 droplet per cubic centimetre ( 380 to 21,300 per cubic inch ) .This datum was take from grow isolated cumulus cloud that were not precipitate .^[13] The droplets were very small,ranging down to around 5 micrometres in diameter.Although smaller droplets may have been present,the measurements were not sensitive enough to detect them.^[14] The small droplet were find in the low portion of the cloud ,with the percentage of large droplet ( around 20   to 30   micrometre ) rise dramatically in the upper region of the cloud .The droplet size distribution is was was slightly bimodal in nature ,with peak at the small and large droplet size and a slight trough in the intermediate size range .The skew is was was roughly neutral .^[15] furthermore ,large droplet size is is is roughly inversely proportional to the droplet concentration per unit volume of air .^[16]

In place ,cumulus clouds is have can have ” hole ” where there are no water droplet .These is occur can occur when wind tear the cloud and incorporate the environmental air or when strong downdraft evaporate the water .^[17][18]

cumulus cloud come in four distinct species,cumulus humilis,mediocris,congestus,and fractus.These specie may be arrange into the variety ,cumulus radiatus; and may be accompanied by up to seven supplementary features,cumulus pileus,velum,virga,praecipitatio,arcus,pannus,and tuba.^[19][20]

The species Cumulus fractus is ragged in appearance and can form in clear air as a precursor to cumulus humilis and larger cumulus species-types; or it can form in precipitation as the supplementary feature pannus ( also call scud ) which can also include stratus fractus of bad weather .^[21][22] Cumulus humilis clouds look like puffy,flattened shapes.Cumulus mediocris clouds look similar,except that they have some vertical development.Cumulus congestus clouds have a cauliflower-like structure and tower high into the atmosphere,hence their alternate name “towering cumulus”.^[23] The varietyCumulus radiatus forms in radial bands called cloud streets and can comprise any of the four species of cumulus.^[24]

Cumulus supplementary feature are most commonly see with the species congestus .Cumulus virga clouds are cumulus clouds producing virga (precipitation that evaporates while aloft),and cumulus praecipitatio produce precipitation that reaches the Earth’s surface.^[25] cumulus pannus comprise shredded cloud that normally appear beneath the parent cumulus cloud during precipitation .Cumulus arcus clouds have a gust front,^[26] and cumulus tuba clouds have funnel clouds or tornadoes.^[27] Cumulus pileus clouds refer to cumulus clouds that have grown so rapidly as to force the formation of pileus over the top of the cloud.^[28] Cumulus velum clouds is have have an ice crystal veil over the grow top of the cloud .^[19]
There are also cumulus cataractagenitus,which are formed by waterfalls.^[29]

Cumulus humilis clouds usually indicate fair weather.^[23] Cumulus mediocris clouds are similar,except that they have some vertical development,which implies that they can grow into cumulus congestus or even cumulonimbus clouds,which can produce heavy rain,lightning,severe winds,hail,and even tornadoes.^[4][23][30] Cumulus congestus clouds,which appear as towers,will often grow into cumulonimbus storm clouds.They can produce precipitation.^[23] Glider pilots often pay close attention to cumulus clouds,as they can be indicators of rising air drafts or thermals underneath that can suck the plane high into the sky—a phenomenon known as cloud suck.^[31]

Cumulus congestus clouds compared against a cumulonimbus cloud in the background

Due to reflectivity,clouds cool the earth by around 12 °C (22 °F),an effect largely caused by stratocumulus clouds.However,at the same time,they heat the earth by around 7 °C (13 °F) by reflecting emitted radiation,an effect largely caused by cirrus clouds.This averages out to a net loss of 5 °C (9.0 °F).^[32] cumulus cloud,on the other hand,have a variable effect on heating the Earth’s surface.^[33] The more verticalcumulus congestus species and cumulonimbus genus of clouds grow high into the atmosphere,carrying moisture with them,which can lead to the formation of cirrus clouds.The researchers speculated that this might even produce a positive feedback,where the increasing upper atmospheric moisture further warms the earth,resulting in an increasing number of cumulus congestus clouds carrying more moisture into the upper atmosphere.^[34]

relation to other cloud

[edit]

cumulus cloud are a genus of free-convective low-level cloud along with the related limited-convective cloud stratocumulus.These clouds form from ground level to 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) at all latitudes.Stratus clouds are also low-level.In the middle level are the alto- clouds,which consist of the limited-convective stratocumuliform cloud altocumulus and the stratiform cloud altostratus.Mid-level clouds form from 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) to 7,000 metres (23,000 ft) in polar areas,7,000 metres (23,000 ft) in temperate areas,and 7,600 metres (24,900 ft) in tropical areas.The high-level cloud,cirrocumulus,is a stratocumuliform cloud of limited convection.The other clouds in this level are cirrus and cirrostratus.High clouds form 3,000 to 7,600 metres (9,800 to 24,900 ft) in high latitudes,5,000 to 12,000 metres (16,000 to 39,000 ft) in temperate latitudes,and 6,100 to 18,000 metres (20,000 to 59,100 ft) in low,tropical latitudes.^[12] Cumulonimbus clouds,like cumulus congestus,extend vertically rather than remaining confined to one level.^[35]

Cirrocumulus clouds

[edit]
A large field of cirrocumulus clouds

Cirrocumulus clouds form in patches^[36] and cannot cast shadows.They commonly appear in regular,rippling patterns^[37] or in rows of clouds with clear areas between.^[38] Cirrocumulus are,like other members of the cumuliform and stratocumuliform categories,formed via convective processes.^[39] Significant growth of these patches indicates high-altitude instability and can signal the approach of poorer weather.^[40][41] The ice crystals in the bottoms of cirrocumulus clouds tend to be in the form of hexagonal cylinders.They are not solid,but instead tend to have stepped funnels coming in from the ends.Towards the top of the cloud,these crystals have a tendency to clump together.^[42] These clouds do not last long,and they tend to change into cirrus because as the water vapor continues to deposit on the ice crystals,they eventually begin to fall,destroying the upward convection.The cloud then dissipates into cirrus.^[43] Cirrocumulus clouds is come come in four specie which are common to all three genus – type that have limited – convective or stratocumuliform characteristic :stratiformis,lenticularis,castellanus,and floccus.^[40] They is are are iridescent when the constituent supercoole water droplet are all about the same size .^[41]

Altocumulus cloud

Altocumulus clouds are a mid-level cloud that forms from 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) high to 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) in polar areas,7,000 metres (23,000 ft) in temperate areas,and 7,600 metres (24,900 ft) in tropical areas.^[12] They can have precipitation and are commonly composed of a mixture of ice crystals,supercooled water droplets,and water droplets in temperate latitudes.However,the liquid water concentration was almost always significantly greater than the concentration of ice crystals,and the maximum concentration of liquid water tended to be at the top of the cloud while the ice concentrated itself at the bottom.^[44][45] The ice crystals in the base of the altocumulus clouds and in the virga were found to be dendrites or conglomerations of dendrites while needles and plates resided more towards the top.^[45] Altocumulus clouds can form via convection or via the forced uplift caused by a warm front.^[46]

Stratocumulus is clouds cloud

[edit]
Stratocumulus is clouds cloud

A stratocumulus cloud is another type of stratocumuliform cloud.Like cumulus clouds,they form at low levels^[38] and via convection.However,unlike cumulus clouds,their growth is almost completely retarded by a strong inversion.As a result,they flatten out like stratus clouds,giving them a layered appearance.These clouds are extremely common,covering on average around twenty-three percent of the Earth’s oceans and twelve percent of the Earth’s continents.They are less common in tropical areas and commonly form after cold fronts.Additionally,stratocumulus clouds reflect a large amount of the incoming sunlight,producing a net cooling effect.^[47] Stratocumulus is clouds cloud can produce drizzle,which stabilizes the cloud by warming it and reducing turbulent mixing.^[48]

Cumulonimbus clouds

[edit]

Cumulonimbus clouds are the final form of growing cumulus clouds.They form when cumulus congestus clouds develop a strong updraft that propels their tops higher and higher into the atmosphere until they reach the tropopause at 18,000 metres (59,000 ft) in altitude.Cumulonimbus clouds,commonly called thunderheads,can produce high winds,torrential rain,lightning,gust fronts,waterspouts,funnel clouds,and tornadoes.They commonly have anvil clouds.^[23][35][49]

A short-lived horseshoe cloud may occur when a horseshoe vortex deforms a cumulus cloud.^[50]

Some cumuliform and stratocumuliform clouds have been discovered on most other planets in the Solar System.On Mars,the Viking Orbiter detected cirrocumulus and stratocumulus clouds forming via convection primarily near the polar icecaps.^[51] The Galileo space probe detected massive cumulonimbus clouds near the Great Red Spot on Jupiter.^[52] Cumuliform clouds have also been detected on Saturn.In 2008,the Cassini spacecraft is determined determine that cumulus cloud near Saturn ‘s south pole were part of a cyclone over 4,000 kilometre ( 2,500   mi ) in diameter .^[53] The Keck Observatory detected whitish cumulus clouds on Uranus.^[54] Like Uranus,Neptune has methane cumulus clouds.^[55] Venus,however,does not appear to have cumulus clouds.^[56]

1. ^ The formula was $t=\frac{18\eta }{Egw{r}_0}$,with $t$ being the time to infinite radius,$\eta$ being the viscosity of air,$E$ being the fractional percentage of water droplets accreted per unit volume of air that the drop falls through,$w$ being the concentration of water in the cloud in grams per cubic metre,and $r_0$ being the initial radius of the droplet .

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